posted on 2015-05-07, 14:08authored byA. J. Levan, N. R. Tanvir, R. L. C. Starling, K. Wiersema, K. L. Page, D. A. Perley, S. Schulze, G. A. Wynn, R. Chornock, J. Hjorth, S. B. Cenko, A. S. Fruchter, P. T. O'Brien, G. C. Brown, R. L. Tunnicliffe, D. Malesani, P. Jakobsson, D. Watson, E. Berger, D. Bersier, B. E. Cobb, S. Covino, A. Cucchiara, A. de Ugarte Postigo., D. B. Fox, A. Gal-Yam, P. Goldoni, J. Gorosabel, L. Kaper, T. Kruehler, R. Karjalainen, J. P. Osborne, E. Pian, R. Sanchez-Ramirez, B. Schmidt, I. Skillen, G. Tagliaferri, C. Thoene, O. Vaduvescu, R. A. M. J. Wijers, B. A. Zauderer
We present comprehensive multiwavelength observations of three gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with durations of several thousand seconds. We demonstrate that these events are extragalactic transients; in particular, we resolve the long-standing conundrum of the distance of GRB 101225A (the "Christmas-day burst"), finding it to have a redshift z = 0.847 and showing that two apparently similar events (GRB 111209A and GRB 121027A) lie at z = 0.677 and z = 1.773, respectively. The systems show extremely unusual X-ray and optical light curves, very different from classical GRBs, with long-lasting, highly variable X-ray emission and optical light curves that exhibit little correlation with the behavior seen in the X-ray. Their host galaxies are faint, compact, and highly star-forming dwarf galaxies, typical of "blue compact galaxies." We propose that these bursts are the prototypes of a hitherto largely unrecognized population of ultra-long GRBs, which while observationally difficult to detect may be astrophysically relatively common. The long durations may naturally be explained by the engine-driven explosions of stars of much larger radii than normally considered for GRB progenitors, which are thought to have compact Wolf-Rayet progenitor stars. However, we cannot unambiguously identify supernova signatures within their light curves or spectra. We also consider the alternative possibility that they arise from the tidal disruption of stars by massive black holes and conclude that the associated timescales are only consistent with the disruption of compact stars (e.g., white dwarfs) by black holes of relatively low mass (<105 M ☉).
Funding
We thank D. A. Kann and the GROND team for sharing their
photometric calibration and Jamie Kennea for providing information
on the Swift slew strategy. A.J.L. acknowledges support
from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC,
under grant ID ST/I001719/1) and is grateful to the Leverhulme
Trust for a Philip Leverhulme Prize award. N.R.T., K.W.,
and P.T.O. thank STFC for support (grant ID ST/H001972/
1). R.L.C.S. is supported by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin
Fellowship. The Dark Cosmology Centre is supported by the
DNRF. Based on observations made with ESO Telescopes at the
La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 288.D-5027.
Support for programs 11734, 12438, and 12786 was provided
by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science
Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities
for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-
26555. Support for D.P. is provided by NASA through Hubble
Fellowship grant HST-HF-51296.01-A awarded by the Space
Telescope Science Institute (STScI), which is operated by
the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy
(AURA), Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS 5-26555. Based
on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which
is operated by the Association of Universities for Research
in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the
NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science
Foundation (United States), the National Research Council
(Canada), CONICYT (Chile), the Australian Research Council
(Australia), Ministerio da Ci ´ encia, Tecnologia e Inova¸ ˆ cao˜
(Brazil), and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog´ıa e Innovacion´
Productiva (Argentina). These observations were obtained as
part of programme IDs GN-2010B-Q-7, GN-2011A-Q-4, GS-
2011B-Q-7, GN-2011B-Q-34, and GS-2012A-Q-25. This work
was made possible by contributions from Iniciativa Cientifica
Milenio grant P10-064-F (Millennium Center for Supernova
Science), wit
History
Citation
Astrophysical Journal, 2014, 781 (1), pp. ?-? (22)
Author affiliation
/Organisation/COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING/Department of Physics and Astronomy