A Practical Introduction to Utilising Uncertainty Information in the Analysis of Essential Climate Variables

<p dir="ltr">An estimate of uncertainty is essential to understanding what information is conveyed by data and how it relates to the wider context of what one intended to measure. It can be difficult to know how to use uncertainty during the analysis of environmental data and the best way to present that information within a dataset. In many common uses, such as calculating statistical significance, it is easy to make mistakes due to incomplete or inappropriate use of the available uncertainty information. Uncertainty is itself uncertain, such that many practical or empirical solutions are available when a comprehensive uncertainty budget is impractical to produce. This manuscript collects actionable guidance on how uncertainty can be used, presented, and calculated when working with essential climate variables (ECVs). This includes qualitative discussions of the utility of uncertainties, explanations of common misconceptions, advice on presentation style, and plain descriptions of the essential equations. Selected worked examples are included on the propagation of uncertainties, particularly for data aggregation and merging. Uncertainty need not be off-putting as even incomplete uncertainty budgets add value to any observation. This paper aims to provide a starting point, or refresher, for researchers in the environmental sciences to make more complete use of uncertainty in their work.</p>