A comparison between large-scale irregularities and scintillations in the polar ionosphere

This work in China is supported by the National Basic Research Program (grant 2012CB825603), the National Natural Science Foundation (grants 41274149, 41274148, and 41574138), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (grant JQ201412), and the young top-notch talent of “Ten Thousand Talent Program.” J. Moen is supported by the Research Council of Norway grant 230996. The work at Reading University was supported by STFC consolidated grant ST/M000885/1. SuperDARN is a collection of radars funded by national scientific funding agencies in Australia, Canada, China, France, Japan, South Africa, United Kingdom, and United States of America. M. Lester acknowledges support from STFC grant ST/K001000/1 and NERC grant NE/K011766/1. The GPS TEC acquisition effort is led by A. J. Coster at MIT Haystack Observatory. We thank the MIT Haystack Observatory for generating GPS TEC data and making them available through the Madrigal Database (http://madrigal.haystack.mit.edu/) and the University of New Brunswick for running CHAIN and providing scintillation data through database (http://chain.physics.unb.ca/chain/pages/gps/). We also acknowledge the NASA OMNIWeb for IMF and solar wind data (http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/sc_merge_data1.html), WDC C1, Kyoto for the AE/AL and SYM-H indices (http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/Sec3.html), and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) for providing online OVATION (http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Aurora/ovation/ovation_display.html).