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Associations Between Hypoglycemia Awareness Status and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia Among Adults with Type 1 or Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes Using the Hypo-METRICS Smartphone Application

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Version 1 2024-04-25, 12:56
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posted on 2024-07-12, 16:01 authored by Gilberte Martine-Edith, Natalie Zaremba, Patrick Divilly, Uffe Søholm, Melanie Broadley, Petra Martina Baumann, Zeinab Mahmoudi, Mikel Gomes, Namam Ali, Evertine J Abbink, Bastiaan de Galan, Julie Brøsen, Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard, Allan A Vaag, Rory J McCrimmon, Eric Renard, Simon Heller, Mark Evans, Monika Cigler, Julia K Mader, Stephanie A Amiel, Jane Speight, Frans Pouwer, Pratik Choudhary
Introduction: This study examined associations between hypoglycemia awareness status and hypoglycemia symptoms reported in real-time using the novel Hypoglycaemia-MEasurement, ThResholds and ImpaCtS (Hypo-METRICS) smartphone application (app) among adults with insulin-treated type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Adults who experienced at least one hypoglycemic episode in the previous 3 months were recruited to the Hypo-METRICS study. They prospectively reported hypoglycemia episodes using the app for 10 weeks. Any of eight hypoglycemia symptoms were considered present if intensity was rated between "A little bit" to "Very much" and absent if rated "Not at all." Associations between hypoglycemia awareness (as defined by Gold score) and hypoglycemia symptoms were modeled using mixed-effects binary logistic regression, adjusting for glucose monitoring method and diabetes duration. Results: Of 531 participants (48% T1D, 52% T2D), 45% were women, 91% white, and 59% used Flash or continuous glucose monitoring. Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) was associated with lower odds of reporting autonomic symptoms than normal awareness of hypoglycemia (NAH) (T1D odds ratio [OR] 0.43 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.25-0.73], P = 0.002); T2D OR 0.51 [95% CI 0.26-0.99], P = 0.048), with no differences in neuroglycopenic symptoms. In T1D, relative to NAH, IAH was associated with higher odds of reporting autonomic symptoms at a glucose concentration <54 than >70 mg/dL (OR 2.18 [95% CI 1.21-3.94], P = 0.010). Conclusion: The Hypo-METRICS app is sensitive to differences in hypoglycemia symptoms according to hypoglycemia awareness in both diabetes types. Given its high ecological validity and low recall bias, the app may be a useful tool in research and clinical settings. The clinical trial registration number is NCT04304963.

History

Author affiliation

College of Life Sciences/Population Health Sciences

Version

  • AM (Accepted Manuscript)

Published in

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics

Publisher

Mary Ann Liebert Inc

issn

1520-9156

eissn

1557-8593

Copyright date

2024

Available date

2024-07-12

Spatial coverage

United States

Language

en

Deposited by

Professor Pratik Choudhary

Deposit date

2024-04-23

Rights Retention Statement

  • No

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