Biomarker signature and pathophysiological pathways in chronic heart failure patients with metabolic syndrome.

Aim

The comorbidities that collectively define metabolic syndrome are common in patients with heart failure. However, the role of metabolic syndrome in the pathophysiology of heart failure is not well understood. We therefore investigated the clinical and biomarker correlates of metabolic syndrome in patients with heart failure.

Methods

In 1103 patients with heart failure, we compared the biomarker expression using a panel of 363 biomarkers among patients with (n = 468[42%]) and without (n = 635[58%]) metabolic syndrome. Subsequently, a pathway overrepresentation analysis was performed to identify key biological pathways. Findings were validated in an independent cohort of 1433 patients with heart failure of whom 615 (43%) had metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of ≥ three of five criteria, including central obesity, elevated serum triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin resistance and hypertension.

Results

The most significantly elevated biomarkers in patients with metabolic syndrome were leptin (log2 fold change 0.92,P = 5.85 × 10^-21 ), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (log2 fold change 0.61,P = 1.21 × 10^-11 ), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (log2 fold change 0.47,P = 1.95 × 10^-13 ), tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11a (log2 fold change 0.35,P = 4.16 × 10^-9 ), and RET proto-oncogene (log2 fold change 0.31,P = 4.87 × 10^-9 ). Network analysis identified 10 pathways in the index cohort and 6 in the validation cohort, all related to inflammation. The primary overlapping pathway in both the index and validation cohort was up-regulation of the natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway.

Conclusion

Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in heart failure and is associated with biomarkers and pathways relating to obesity, lipid metabolism and immune responses underlying chronic inflammation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.