Ethnicity and prognosis following a cardiovascular event in people with and without type 2 diabetes: observational analysis in over 5 million subjects in England

To quantify ethnic differences in the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events following a first CVD event in people with and without type 2 diabetes.We identified 5,349,271 subjects with a first CVD between 1 January 2002 and 31 May 2020 in the UK; CVD included aortic aneurism, cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and other cardiovascular diseases. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for type 2 diabetes and ethnicity of three outcomes: fatal and nonfatal second CVD event (different phenotype compared to the first) and all-cause mortality.Relative to White, HRs indicated lower rates in all ethnicities and for all outcomes in both men (from 0.64 to 0.79 for all-cause death; 0.78 to 0.79 for CVD-related death; and 0.85 to 0.98 for a second CVD event) and women (0.69 to 0.77; 0.77 to 0.83; 0.83 to 0.95, respectively). Irrespective of ethnicity and sex, type 2 diabetes increased rates of all outcomes by around a third.Prognosis following a CVD event was consistently worse in subjects with type 2 diabetes while varied across ethnicities, suggesting the implementation of different strategies for the secondary prevention of CVD in different ethnic groups.