Evidence for transient, local ion foreshocks caused by dayside magnetopause reconnection

The simulation was run on the Sisu supercomputer at the CSC – IT Center for Science, Espoo, Finland. We thank T. Mukai at ISAS, JAXA in Japan for providing Geotail/LEP data; S. Kokubun at STELAB, Nagoya University, Japan for providing Geotail/MGF data; A. Szabo at NASA/GSFC for providing Wind/MFI data; K. Ogilvie at NASA/GSFC for providing Wind/SWE data; R. Lin and S. Bale at UC Berkeley for providing Wind/3DP data; M. L. Kaiser at GSFC for providing Wind/WAVES data; N. Ness at Bartol Research Institute for providing ACE/MAG data; D. J. McComas at SWRI for providing ACE/SWEPAM data;and J. H. King and N. Papatashvili at AdnetSystems and GSFC for providing OMNI data, all through CDAweb. We also thank T. Nagai and Y. Saito for providing Geotail/MGF and Geotail/LEP data through DARTS at ISAS, JAXA in Japan. We thank the University of Kyoto for providing the AE electrojet indices through the World Data Center for Geomagnetism. We acknowledge the use of SuperDARN data. SuperDARN is a collection of radars funded by national scientific funding agencies of Australia, Canada, China, France, Japan, South Africa, United Kingdom and United States of America. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE magnetometer array. Yann Pfau-Kempf, Sanni Hoilijoki, Sebastian von Alfthan and Minna Palmroth acknowledge financial support from the Academy of Finland under the project 267144/Vlasov. Part of this study was done by Yann Pfau-Kempf, Liisa Juusola, Urs Ganse, Sanni Hoilijoki and Minna Palmroth under the ERC CoG-682068- PRESTISSIMO project, a Consolidator grant to Minna Palmroth from the European Research Council. The work of Heli Hietala is funded by NASA contract NAS5-02099. Steve E. Milan was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), UK, grant no. ST/N000749/1. Urs Ganse acknowledges funding from the German Research Foundation Grant GA1968/1 and the Academy of Finland project 267186. The topical editor, C. Owen, thanks