Gaia Data Release 2: Observational Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams

Collaboration, G; Babusiaux, C; Leeuwen, FV; Barstow, MA; Jordi, C; Vallenari, A; Bossini, D; Bressan, A; Cantat-Gaudin, T; Leeuwen, MV; Brown, AGA; Prusti, T; Bruijne, JHJD; Bailer-Jones, CAL; Biermann, M; Evans, DW; Eyer, L; Jansen, F; Klioner, SA; Lammers, U; Lindegren, L; Luri, X; Mignard, F; Panem, C; Pourbaix, D; Randich, S; Sartoretti, P; Siddiqui, HI; Soubiran, C; Walton, NA; Arenou, F; Bastian, U; Cropper, M; Drimmel, R; Katz, D; Lattanzi, MG; Bakker, J; Cacciari, C; Castañeda, J; Chaoul, L; Cheek, N; DeAngeli, F; Fabricius, C; Guerra, R; Holl, B; Masana, E; Messineo, R; Mowlavi, N; Nienartowicz, K; Panuzzo, P; Portell, J; Riello, M; Seabroke, GM; Tanga, P; Thévenin, F; Gracia-Abril, G; Comoretto, G; Garcia-Reinaldos, M; Teyssier, D; Altmann, M; Andrae, R; Audard, M; Bellas-Velidis, I; Benson, K; Berthier, J; Blomme, R; Burgess, P; Busso, G; Carry, B; Cellino, A; Clementini, G; Clotet, M; Creevey, O; Davidson, M; DeRidder, J; Delchambre, L; Dell'Oro, A; Ducourant, C; Fernández-Hernández, J; Fouesneau, M; Frémat, Y; Galluccio, L; García-Torres, M; González-Núñez, J; González-Vidal, JJ; Gosset, E; Guy, LP; Halbwachs, J-L; Hambly, NC; Harrison, DL; Hernández, J; Hestroffer, D; Hodgkin, ST; Hutton, A; Jasniewicz, G; Jean-Antoine-Piccolo, A; Jordan, S; Korn, AJ; Krone-Martins, A; Lanzafame, AC; Lebzelter, T; Löffler, W; Manteiga, M; Marrese, PM; Martín-Fleitas, JM; Moitinho, A; Mora, A; Muinonen, K; Osinde, J; Pancino, E; Pauwels, T; Petit, J-M; Recio-Blanco, A; Richards, PJ; Rimoldini, L; Robin, AC; Sarro, LM; Siopis, C; Smith, M; Sozzetti, A; Süveges, M; Torra, J; vanReeven, W; Abbas, U; Aramburu, AA; Accart, S; Aerts, C; Altavilla, G; Álvarez, MA; Alvarez, R; Alves, J; Anderson, RI; Andrei, AH; Varela, EA; Antiche, E; Antoja, T; Arcay, B; Astraatmadja, TL; Bach, N; Baker, SG; Balaguer-Núñez, L; Balm, P; Barache, C; Barata, C; Barbato, D; Barblan, F; Barklem, PS; Barrado, D; Barros, M; Muñoz, SB; Bassilana, J-L; Becciani, U; Bellazzini, M; Berihuete, A; Bertone, S; Bianchi, L; Bienaymé, O; Blanco-Cuaresma, S; Boch, T; Boeche, C; Bombrun, A; Borrachero, R; Bouquillon, S; Bourda, G; Bragaglia, A; Bramante, L; Breddels, MA; Brouillet, N; Brüsemeister, T; Brugaletta, E; Bucciarelli, B; Burlacu, A; Busonero, D; Butkevich, AG; Buzzi, R; Caffau, E; Cancelliere, R; Cannizzaro, G; Carballo, R; Carlucci, T; Carrasco, JM; Casamiquela, L; Castellani, M; Castro-Ginard, A; Charlot, P; Chemin, L; Chiavassa, A; Cocozza, G; Costigan, G; Cowell, S; Crifo, F; Crosta, M; Crowley, C; Cuypers, J; Dafonte, C; Damerdji, Y; Dapergolas, A; David, P; David, M; deLaverny, P; DeLuise, F; DeMarch, R; deMartino, D; deSouza, R; deTorres, A; Debosscher, J; delPozo, E; Delbo, M; Delgado, A; Delgado, HE; Diakite, S; Diener, C; Distefano, E; Dolding, C; Drazinos, P; Durán, J; Edvardsson, B; Enke, H; Eriksson, K; Esquej, P; Bontemps, GE; Fabre, C; Fabrizio, M; Faigler, S; Falcão, AJ; Casas, MF; Federici, L; Fedorets, G; Fernique, P; Figueras, F; Filippi, F; Findeisen, K; Fonti, A; Fraile, E; Fraser, M; Frézouls, B; Gai, M; Galleti, S; Garabato, D; García-Sedano, F; Garofalo, A; Garralda, N; Gavel, A; Gavras, P; Gerssen, J; Geyer, R; Giacobbe, P; Gilmore, G; Girona, S; Giuffrida, G; Glass, F; Gomes, M; Granvik, M; Gueguen, A; Guerrier, A; Guiraud, J; Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R; Haigron, R; Hatzidimitriou, D; Hauser, M; Haywood, M; Heiter, U; Helmi, A; Heu, J; Hilger, T; Hobbs, D; Hofmann, W; Holland, G; Huckle, HE; Hypki, A; Icardi, V; Janßen, K; JevardatdeFombelle, G; Jonker, PG; Juhász, ÁL; Julbe, F; Karampelas, A; Kewley, A; Klar, J; Kochoska, A; Kohley, R; Kolenberg, K; Kontizas, M; Kontizas, E; Koposov, SE; Kordopatis, G; Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z; Koubsky, P; Lambert, S; Lanza, AF; Lasne, Y; Lavigne, J-B; LeFustec, Y; LePoncin-Lafitte, C; Lebreton, Y; Leccia, S; Leclerc, N; Lecoeur-Taibi, I; Lenhardt, H; Leroux, F; Liao, S; Licata, E; Lindstrøm, HEP; Lister, TA; Livanou, E; Lobel, A; López, M; Managau, S; Mann, RG; Mantelet, G; Marchal, O; Marchant, JM; Marconi, M; Marinoni, S; Marschalkó, G; Marshall, DJ; Martino, M; Marton, G; Mary, N; Massari, D; Matijevič, G; Mazeh, T; McMillan, PJ; Messina, S; Michalik, D; Millar, NR; Molina, D; Molinaro, R; Molnár, L; Montegriffo, P; Mor, R; Morbidelli, R; Morel, T; Morris, D; Mulone, AF; Muraveva, T; Musella, I; Nelemans, G; Nicastro, L; Noval, L; O'Mullane, W; Ordénovic, C; Ordóñez-Blanco, D; Osborne, P; Pagani, C; Pagano, I; Pailler, F; Palacin, H; Palaversa, L; Panahi, A; Pawlak, M; Piersimoni, AM; Pineau, F-X; Plachy, E; Plum, G; Poggio, E; Poujoulet, E; Prša, A; Pulone, L; Racero, E; Ragaini, S; Rambaux, N; Ramos-Lerate, M; Regibo, S; Reylé, C; Riclet, F; Ripepi, V; Riva, A; Rivard, A; Rixon, G; Roegiers, T; Roelens, M; Romero-Gómez, M; Rowell, N; Royer, F; Ruiz-Dern, L; Sadowski, G; Sellés, TS; Sahlmann, J; Salgado, J; Salguero, E; Sanna, N; Santana-Ros, T; Sarasso, M; Savietto, H; Schultheis, M; Sciacca, E; Segol, M; Segovia, JC; Ségransan, D; Shih, I-C; Siltala, L; Silva, AF; Smart, RL; Smith, KW; Solano, E; Solitro, F; Sordo, R; SoriaNieto, S; Souchay, J; Spagna, A; Spoto, F; Stampa, U; Steele, IA; Steidelmüller, H; Stephenson, CA; Stoev, H; Suess, FF; Surdej, J; Szabados, L; Szegedi-Elek, E; Tapiador, D; Taris, F; Tauran, G; Taylor, MB; Teixeira, R; Terrett, D; Teyssandier, P; Thuillot, W; Titarenko, A; TorraClotet, F; Turon, C; Ulla, A; Utrilla, E; Uzzi, S; Vaillant, M; Valentini, G; Valette, V; vanElteren, A; Hemelryck, EV; Vaschetto, M; Vecchiato, A; Veljanoski, J; Viala, Y; Vicente, D; Vogt, S; vonEssen, C; Voss, H; Votruba, V; Voutsinas, S; Walmsley, G; Weiler, M; Wertz, O; Wevers, T; Wyrzykowski, Ł; Yoldas, A; Žerjal, M; Ziaeepour, H; Zorec, J; Zschocke, S; Zucker, S; Zurbach, C; Zwitter, T

Gaia Data Release 2: Observational Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams

journal contribution

posted on 2019-06-13, 08:34 authored by G Collaboration, C Babusiaux, FV Leeuwen, MA Barstow, C Jordi, A Vallenari, D Bossini, A Bressan, T Cantat-Gaudin, MV Leeuwen, AGA Brown, T Prusti, JHJD Bruijne, CAL Bailer-Jones, M Biermann, DW Evans, L Eyer, F Jansen, SA Klioner, U Lammers, L Lindegren, X Luri, F Mignard, C Panem, D Pourbaix, S Randich, P Sartoretti, HI Siddiqui, C Soubiran, NA Walton, F Arenou, U Bastian, M Cropper, R Drimmel, D Katz, MG Lattanzi, J Bakker, C Cacciari, J Castañeda, L Chaoul, N Cheek, F DeAngeli, C Fabricius, R Guerra, B Holl, E Masana, R Messineo, N Mowlavi, K Nienartowicz, P Panuzzo, J Portell, M Riello, GM Seabroke, P Tanga, F Thévenin, G Gracia-Abril, G Comoretto, M Garcia-Reinaldos, D Teyssier, M Altmann, R Andrae, M Audard, I Bellas-Velidis, K Benson, J Berthier, R Blomme, P Burgess, G Busso, B Carry, A Cellino, G Clementini, M Clotet, O Creevey, M Davidson, J DeRidder, L Delchambre, A Dell'Oro, C Ducourant, J Fernández-Hernández, M Fouesneau, Y Frémat, L Galluccio, M García-Torres, J González-Núñez, JJ González-Vidal, E Gosset, LP Guy, J-L Halbwachs, NC Hambly, DL Harrison, J Hernández, D Hestroffer, ST Hodgkin, A Hutton, G Jasniewicz, A Jean-Antoine-Piccolo, S Jordan, AJ Korn, A Krone-Martins, AC Lanzafame, T Lebzelter, W Löffler, M Manteiga, PM Marrese, JM Martín-Fleitas, A Moitinho, A Mora, K Muinonen, J Osinde, E Pancino, T Pauwels, J-M Petit, A Recio-Blanco, PJ Richards, L Rimoldini, AC Robin, LM Sarro, C Siopis, M Smith, A Sozzetti, M Süveges, J Torra, W vanReeven, U Abbas, AA Aramburu, S Accart, C Aerts, G Altavilla, MA Álvarez, R Alvarez, J Alves, RI Anderson, AH Andrei, EA Varela, E Antiche, T Antoja, B Arcay, TL Astraatmadja, N Bach, SG Baker, L Balaguer-Núñez, P Balm, C Barache, C Barata, D Barbato, F Barblan, PS Barklem, D Barrado, M Barros, SB Muñoz, J-L Bassilana, U Becciani, M Bellazzini, A Berihuete, S Bertone, L Bianchi, O Bienaymé, S Blanco-Cuaresma, T Boch, C Boeche, A Bombrun, R Borrachero, S Bouquillon, G Bourda, A Bragaglia, L Bramante, MA Breddels, N Brouillet, T Brüsemeister, E Brugaletta, B Bucciarelli, A Burlacu, D Busonero, AG Butkevich, R Buzzi, E Caffau, R Cancelliere, G Cannizzaro, R Carballo, T Carlucci, JM Carrasco, L Casamiquela, M Castellani, A Castro-Ginard, P Charlot, L Chemin, A Chiavassa, G Cocozza, G Costigan, S Cowell, F Crifo, M Crosta, C Crowley, J Cuypers, C Dafonte, Y Damerdji, A Dapergolas, P David, M David, P deLaverny, F DeLuise, R DeMarch, D deMartino, R deSouza, A deTorres, J Debosscher, E delPozo, M Delbo, A Delgado, HE Delgado, S Diakite, C Diener, E Distefano, C Dolding, P Drazinos, J Durán, B Edvardsson, H Enke, K Eriksson, P Esquej, GE Bontemps, C Fabre, M Fabrizio, S Faigler, AJ Falcão, MF Casas, L Federici, G Fedorets, P Fernique, F Figueras, F Filippi, K Findeisen, A Fonti, E Fraile, M Fraser, B Frézouls, M Gai, S Galleti, D Garabato, F García-Sedano, A Garofalo, N Garralda, A Gavel, P Gavras, J Gerssen, R Geyer, P Giacobbe, G Gilmore, S Girona, G Giuffrida, F Glass, M Gomes, M Granvik, A Gueguen, A Guerrier, J Guiraud, R Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R Haigron, D Hatzidimitriou, M Hauser, M Haywood, U Heiter, A Helmi, J Heu, T Hilger, D Hobbs, W Hofmann, G Holland, HE Huckle, A Hypki, V Icardi, K Janßen, G JevardatdeFombelle, PG Jonker, ÁL Juhász, F Julbe, A Karampelas, A Kewley, J Klar, A Kochoska, R Kohley, K Kolenberg, M Kontizas, E Kontizas, SE Koposov, G Kordopatis, Z Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, P Koubsky, S Lambert, AF Lanza, Y Lasne, J-B Lavigne, Y LeFustec, C LePoncin-Lafitte, Y Lebreton, S Leccia, N Leclerc, I Lecoeur-Taibi, H Lenhardt, F Leroux, S Liao, E Licata, HEP Lindstrøm, TA Lister, E Livanou, A Lobel, M López, S Managau, RG Mann, G Mantelet, O Marchal, JM Marchant, M Marconi, S Marinoni, G Marschalkó, DJ Marshall, M Martino, G Marton, N Mary, D Massari, G Matijevič, T Mazeh, PJ McMillan, S Messina, D Michalik, NR Millar, D Molina, R Molinaro, L Molnár, P Montegriffo, R Mor, R Morbidelli, T Morel, D Morris, AF Mulone, T Muraveva, I Musella, G Nelemans, L Nicastro, L Noval, W O'Mullane, C Ordénovic, D Ordóñez-Blanco, P Osborne, C Pagani, I Pagano, F Pailler, H Palacin, L Palaversa, A Panahi, M Pawlak, AM Piersimoni, F-X Pineau, E Plachy, G Plum, E Poggio, E Poujoulet, A Prša, L Pulone, E Racero, S Ragaini, N Rambaux, M Ramos-Lerate, S Regibo, C Reylé, F Riclet, V Ripepi, A Riva, A Rivard, G Rixon, T Roegiers, M Roelens, M Romero-Gómez, N Rowell, F Royer, L Ruiz-Dern, G Sadowski, TS Sellés, J Sahlmann, J Salgado, E Salguero, N Sanna, T Santana-Ros, M Sarasso, H Savietto, M Schultheis, E Sciacca, M Segol, JC Segovia, D Ségransan, I-C Shih, L Siltala, AF Silva, RL Smart, KW Smith, E Solano, F Solitro, R Sordo, S SoriaNieto, J Souchay, A Spagna, F Spoto, U Stampa, IA Steele, H Steidelmüller, CA Stephenson, H Stoev, FF Suess, J Surdej, L Szabados, E Szegedi-Elek, D Tapiador, F Taris, G Tauran, MB Taylor, R Teixeira, D Terrett, P Teyssandier, W Thuillot, A Titarenko, F TorraClotet, C Turon, A Ulla, E Utrilla, S Uzzi, M Vaillant, G Valentini, V Valette, A vanElteren, EV Hemelryck, M Vaschetto, A Vecchiato, J Veljanoski, Y Viala, D Vicente, S Vogt, C vonEssen, H Voss, V Votruba, S Voutsinas, G Walmsley, M Weiler, O Wertz, T Wevers, Ł Wyrzykowski, A Yoldas, M Žerjal, H Ziaeepour, J Zorec, S Zschocke, S Zucker, C Zurbach, T Zwitter

We highlight the power of the Gaia DR2 in studying many fine structures of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HRD). Gaia allows us to present many different HRDs, depending in particular on stellar population selections. We do not aim here for completeness in terms of types of stars or stellar evolutionary aspects. Instead, we have chosen several illustrative examples. We describe some of the selections that can be made in Gaia DR2 to highlight the main structures of the Gaia HRDs. We select both field and cluster (open and globular) stars, compare the observations with previous classifications and with stellar evolutionary tracks, and we present variations of the Gaia HRD with age, metallicity, and kinematics. Late stages of stellar evolution such as hot subdwarfs, post-AGB stars, planetary nebulae, and white dwarfs are also analysed, as well as low-mass brown dwarf objects. The Gaia HRDs are unprecedented in both precision and coverage of the various Milky Way stellar populations and stellar evolutionary phases. Many fine structures of the HRDs are presented. The clear split of the white dwarf sequence into hydrogen and helium white dwarfs is presented for the first time in an HRD. The relation between kinematics and the HRD is nicely illustrated. Two different populations in a classical kinematic selection of the halo are unambiguously identified in the HRD. Membership and mean parameters for a selected list of open clusters are provided. They allow drawing very detailed cluster sequences, highlighting fine structures, and providing extremely precise empirical isochrones that will lead to more insight in stellar physics. Gaia DR2 demonstrates the potential of combining precise astrometry and photometry for large samples for studies in stellar evolution and stellar population and opens an entire new area for HRD-based studies.

Funding

We thank Pierre Bergeron for providing the WD tracks in the Gaia DR2 passbands. This work presents results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia. Gaia data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia MultiLateral Agreement (MLA). The Gaia mission website is https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia. The Gaia archive website is https://archives.esac.esa.int/gaia. The Gaia mission and data processing have financially been supported by, in alphabetical order by country: the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory; the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Hertha Firnberg Programme through grants T359, P20046, and P23737; the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) through various PROgramme de Développement d’Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) grants and the Polish Academy of Sciences – Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek through grant VS.091.16N; the Brazil-France exchange programmes Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Comité Français d’Evaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB); the Chilean Dirección de Gestión de la Investigación (DGI) at the University of Antofagasta and the Comité Mixto ESO-Chile; the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants 11573054 and 11703065; the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG 15010, the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract 98058, and Charles University Prague through grant PRIMUS/SCI/17; the Danish Ministry of Science; the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1; the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme through the European L

History

Citation

Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2018, 616, A10

Author affiliation

/Organisation/COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING/Department of Physics and Astronomy

Version

VoR (Version of Record)

Published in

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Publisher

EDP Sciences for European Southern Observatory (ESO)

eissn

1432-0746

Acceptance date

2018-04-16

Copyright date

2018

Available date

2019-06-13

Publisher DOI

https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832843

Publisher version

https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2018/08/aa32843-18/aa32843-18.html

Notes

Published in the A&A Gaia Data Release 2 special issue. Tables 2 and A.4 corrected. Tables available at http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/616/A10