Less is more. Discovering the latent factors of trait resilience

The current paper establishes the latent factors of many direct or proxy trait resilience assessments. Study 1 (n = 849) demonstrates four latent factors (recovery, sustainability, adaptability, and social cohesion) among 61 direct and proxy assessments of resilience. Three of these four factors are best described within a three-factor model of ecological resilience, with an additional social-orientated resilience factor. Study 2 (n = 340) replicates the factors using indicators of the factors found in Study 1. A bifactor model of the four factors provides the best fit of the data, with measurement invariance across broad groups for gender, age, and ethnicity. The findings suggest a ‘mixed model’ of resilience summarising over 30 years of research using direct and proxy assessments of resilience.