Net carbon emissions from African biosphere dominate pan-tropical atmospheric CO2 signal.

P.I.P., L.F., and H.B. acknowledge support from the UK National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO). The Natural Environment Research Council provides national capability funding for NCEO (grant # PR140015). P.I.P. also acknowledges his Royal Society Research Merit Award, and discussions with Chris O’Dell (CSU), the wider OCO-2 science team, Bertrand Guenet (LSCE), Ian Baker (CSU), Seifu Kebede (Addis Ababa University), David Mattey (Royal Holloway, U. London), and Tom Pugh (U. Birmingham) on the results reported. F.C. was funded by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) on behalf of the European Commission, and was granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocation A0030102201. H.B. also acknowledges funding from the Copernicus Climate Change Service C3S. We thank Jasdeep Anand for processing the University of Leicester GOSAT L2 data, distributed via the C3S and ESA CCI projects. We gratefully acknowledge all CO2 ground observations contributors to the ObsPack and to NOAA ESRL for maintaining this database. We gratefully acknowledge the NASA MODIS, OMI, and GRACE teams for providing their L2 data. We also thank the broader GOSAT team who provided their L1 data. The ACOS GOSAT and OCO-2 data were produced by the ACOS and OCO-2 projects at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. The ACOS/GOSAT data were obtained from the JPL website, co2.jpl.nasa.gov, while the OCO-2 data were obtained from the OCO-2 data archive maintained at the NASA Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center. The spectra used to develop the ACOS/GOSAT product were provided by the GOSAT project team in Japan. The authors thank the ORCHIDEE development team for sharing their detailed simulation results.