On the Relation Between Auroral Morphologies and Compression Conditions of Jupiter’s Magnetopause: Observations from Juno and the Hubble Space Telescope

Jupiter displays the most powerful auroral emissions in our solar system, which result from strong energy dissipation in Jupiter's surrounding space environment. Although mass and energy in Jupiter's magnetosphere mostly come from the innermost Galilean moon Io's volcanic activity and Jupiter's rotation, solar wind perturbations can play crucial roles in releasing magnetospheric energy. The systematic response of the aurora to a solar wind compression remains poorly understood because of timing uncertainties. Here we report the analysis of a set of auroral images from the Hubble Space Telescope with contemporaneous in situ magnetopause detections from Juno, allowing for a more direct comparison. By analyzing the dawn side main auroral emission, we distinguish two non-mutually exclusive types of auroral enhancements: auroral dawn storm (ADS) featured with latitudinal extension in limited longitudes, and a long-lasting main auroral brightening with limited extension in latitudes while extending over a large longitude range. Only the latter systematically appears under a compressed magnetopause, while the dawn storms could occur whatever the state of the magnetopause. The results could provide important constraints to improve theoretical models and numerical simulations. During expanded magnetopause conditions, Jupiter's aurora displayed either quiet or dawn storm morphology. The result is consistent with recent discovery of the initiation of ADSs in midnight and post-midnight, possibly driven by magnetic reconnection plasma instabilities in night magnetotail. Our results show that some typical auroral morphologies could be used as a diagnostic of solar wind conditions at Jupiter.