Physical activity and sedentary behaviour interventions for people living with both frailty and multiple long-term conditions and their informal carers: a scoping review and stakeholder consultation

Introduction This scoping review mapped evidence on physical activity (including structured exercise) and sedentary behaviour interventions (interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour) in people living with both frailty and multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) and their informal carers. Methods Ten databases and grey literature were searched from 2000 to October 2023. Two reviewers screened studies and one extracted data. Results were shared with three stakeholder groups (n = 21) in a consultation phase. Results After screening, 155 papers from 144 studies (1 ongoing) were retained. The majority were randomised controlled trials (86, 55%). Participants’ mean age was 73 ± 12 years, and 73% were of White ethnicity. MLTC and frailty measurement varied widely. Most participants were pre-to-moderately frail. Physical health conditions predominated over mental health conditions. Interventions focused on structured exercise (83 studies, 60%) or combined interventions (55 studies, 39%). Two (1%) and one (0.7%) focused solely on habitual physical activity or sedentary behaviour. Adherence was 81% (interquartile range 62%–89%) with goal setting, monitoring and support important to adherence. Carers were only involved in 15 (11%) studies. Most interventions reported positive outcomes, primarily focusing on body functions and structures. Conclusions A modest volume of evidence exists on multicomponent structured exercise interventions, with less focus on habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Interventions report largely positive effects, but an updated systematic review is required. The field could be advanced by more rigorous characterisation of MLTCs, socioeconomic status and ethnicity, increased informal carer involvement and further evaluation of habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour interventions.