posted on 2018-08-16, 08:51authored byG. B. Lansbury, D. M. Alexander, J. Aird, P. Gandhi, D. Stern, M. Koss, I. Lamperti, M. Ajello, A. Annuar, R. J. Assef, D. R. Ballantyne, M. Baloković, F. E. Bauer, W. N. Brandt, M. Brightman, C-T. J. Chen, F. Civano, A. Comastri, A. Del Moro, C. Fuentes, F. A. Harrison, S. Marchesi, A. Masini, J. R. Mullaney, C. Ricci, C. Saez, J. A. Tomsick, E. Treister, D. J. Walton, L. Zappacosta
We identify sources with extremely hard X-ray spectra (i.e., with photon indices of Γ ≲ 0.6) in the 13 deg^2
NuSTAR serendipitous survey, to search for the most highly obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs) detected at
>10 keV. Eight extreme NuSTAR sources are identified, and we use the NuSTAR data in combination with
lower-energy X-ray observations (from Chandra, Swift XRT, and XMM-Newton) to characterize the broadband
(0.5–24 keV) X-ray spectra. We find that all of the extreme sources are highly obscured AGNs, including three
robust Compton-thick (CT; N(H) > ´ 1.5 x 10^24 cm^−2) AGNs at low redshift (z < 0.1) and a likely CT AGN at
higher redshift (z = 0.16). Most of the extreme sources would not have been identified as highly obscured based
on the low-energy (<10 keV) X-ray coverage alone. The multiwavelength properties (e.g., optical spectra and
X-ray–mid-IR luminosity ratios) provide further support for the eight sources being significantly obscured.
Correcting for absorption, the intrinsic rest-frame 10–40 keV luminosities of the extreme sources cover a broad
range, from ≈ 5 x 10^42 to 10^45 erg s^−1. The estimated number counts of CT AGNs in the NuSTAR serendipitous
survey are in broad agreement with model expectations based on previous X-ray surveys, except for the lowest
redshifts (z < 0.07), where we measure a high CT fraction of f^obs,CT = 30^+16,-12 %. For the small sample of CT
AGNs, we find a high fraction of galaxy major mergers (50% ± 33%) compared to control samples of
“normal” AGNs.
Funding
We acknowledge support
from a Herchel Smith Postdoctoral Research Fellowship of the
University of Cambridge (G.B.L.); the Science and Technology
Facilities Council (STFC) grants ST/I001573/1 (D.M.A.) and
ST/J003697/2 (P.G.); the ERC Advanced Grant FEEDBACK
340442 at the University of Cambridge (J.A.); the NASA
Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program, grant
NNX14AQ07H (M.B.); CONICYT-Chile grants FONDECYT
Regular 1141218 (F.E.B.), FONDECYT 1120061 and 1160999
(E.T.), and Anillo ACT1101 (F.E.B. and E.T.); the Center of
Excellence in Astrophysics and Associated Technologies (PFB 06;
F.E.B. and E.T.); the Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism’s Millennium Science Initiative through grant IC120009,
awarded to the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS
(F.E.B.); ASI/INAF contract I/037/12/0-011/13 (A.C., A.M.,
and L.Z.); and Chandra grants GO5-16154X and GO6-17135X
(J.A.T.). We thank Yoshihiro Ueda and Roberto Gilli for
providing number counts predictions. This work was
supported under NASA contract No. NNG08FD60C and
made use of data from the NuSTAR mission, a project led
by the California Institute of Technology, managed by the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and funded by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. We thank the
NuSTAR Operations, Software, and Calibration teams for
support with the execution and analysis of these observations.
This research has made use of the NuSTAR Data Analysis
Software (NuSTARDAS) jointly developed by the ASI
Science Data Center (ASDC, Italy) and the California
Institute of Technology (USA).
Facilities: Chandra, ESO La Silla, Keck, Magellan,
NuSTAR, Palomar, Pan-STARRS, SDSS, Swift, WISE,
XMM-Newton.
History
Citation
Astrophysical Journal, 2017, 846, pp. 20-20
Author affiliation
/Organisation/COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING/Department of Physics and Astronomy