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The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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posted on 2022-03-11, 11:38 authored by Elysia M Alvarez, Lisa M Force, Rixing Xu, Kelly Compton, Dan Lu, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, James D Harvey, Alyssa Pennini, Frances E Dean, Weijia Fu, Martina T Vargas, Theresa HM Keegan, Hany Ariffin, Ronald D Barr, Yana Arturovna Erdomaeva, D Sanjeeva Gunasekera, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Tyler G Ketterl, Tezer Kutluk, Marcio Henrique Malogolowkin, Prashant Mathur, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Lynn Ann Gloeckler Ries, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Garik Barisovich Sagoyan, Iyad Sultan, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Haimanot Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Hassan Abolhassani, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wajeeha Aiman, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Abdulhadi A AlAmodi, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Yosef Alemayehu, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Saqib Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sunitha Alluri, Nihad A Almasri, Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Davood Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Judie Arulappan, Armin Aryannejad, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Alemu Degu Ayele, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Mohammed A Azab, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Ahmed Y Azzam, Saeed Bahadory, Jianjun Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Huda Basaleem, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Masoud Behzadifar, Niguss Cherie Bekele, Rebuma Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Setognal Birara, Tone Bjørge, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Norma B Bulamu, Katrin Burkart, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Ferrán Catalá-López, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Prachi P Chavan, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Michael T Chung, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Omar B Da'ar, Omid Dadras, Saad MA Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D'Amico, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Zeleke Geto Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Mojtaba Didehdar, Mengistie Diress, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Saeid Doaei, Fariba Dorostkar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Thomas M Drake, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Hassan El-Abid, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohammed Faisaluddin, Jawad Fares, Umar Farooque, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Wafa Fatima, José Miguel P Ferreira de Oliveira, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, James L Fisher, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Piyada Gaewkhiew, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Tamiru Getachew, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Fariba Ghassemi, Nermin Ghith, Ali Gholami, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Syed Amir Gilani, Themba G Ginindza, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Houman Goudarzi, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Avirup Guha, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Alemayehu Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Mitiku Teshome Hambisa, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, SM Mahmudul Hasan, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Treska S Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Sultan H Hebo, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Michael K Hole, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Ali Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Kaire Innos, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Louis Jacob, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Vardhmaan Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Roksana Janghorban, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Mikk Jürisson, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Leila R Kalankesh, Feroze Kaliyadan, Zul Kamal, Ashwin Kamath, Himal Kandel, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Joonas H Kauppila, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Andre Pascal Kengne, Amene Abebe Kerbo, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Nastaran Khalili, Neda Khalili, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Omid Khosravizadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Roba Khundkar, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Alexander Kwarteng, Carlo La Vecchia, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Jiarui Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Alessandra Lugo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Morteza Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Alaa Makki, Shilpa Male, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Mohammed A Mamun, Navid Manafi, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Santi Martini, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Clara N Matei, Manu Raj Mathur, Colm McAlinden, Ravi Mehrotra, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tuomo J Meretoja, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R Miller, Alemu Basazin Mingude, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ghobad Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Shane Douglas Morrison, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Sumaira Mubarik, Lillian Mwanri, Ashraf F Nabhan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Chie Nagata, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Javad Nazari, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Ionut Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Haruna Asura Nggada, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Hamed Nosrati, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Vincent Ebuka Nwatah, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu, Emad Omar
Background
In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults.

Methods
Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults.

Findings
There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally.

Interpretation
Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts.

Funding

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute.

History

Citation

The Lancet Oncology Volume 23, Issue 1, January 2022, Pages 27-52

Author affiliation

School of Business

Version

  • VoR (Version of Record)

Published in

The Lancet Oncology

Volume

23

Issue

1

Pagination

27 - 52

Publisher

Elsevier BV

issn

1470-2045

eissn

1474-5488

Copyright date

2021

Available date

2022-03-11

Notes

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute.

Language

en