The Psychological Wellbeing of Female Physique Athletes

Female physique athletes (FPAs) are women who engage in competitive bodybuilding. The sport focuses on the development and presentation of a muscular, lean and symmetrical physique, achieved through resistance and aerobic training, and energy intake manipulation. FPAs may be at a higher risk for psychological distress due to being female and engaging in a competitive, leanness-and appearance-focussed sport. The competitive season consists of three main phases (i.e., off-season, pre-competition and post-competition), each of which may have specific vulnerability factors (e.g., low energy availability). Nonetheless, FPAs’ psychological wellbeing has been under researched.

A systematic literature review of 19 studies (Chapter One) highlighted that research of FPAs’ psychological characteristics is limited and inconsistent. Small meta-analyses revealed that FPAs may have higher levels of exercise dependence than recreational weightlifters and may have elevated risk of eating disorders (45% were at risk of developing eating disorders, and 19% had history of an eating disorder). Data were reported on personality factors, mood, exercise dependence and body image/eating behaviour; however, methodological variability prevented any confident conclusions. More consideration of conceptual underpinnings may help to explore FPAs’ vulnerability and resilience factors.

A cross-sectional survey (Chapter Two) was completed by 368 participants (127 FPAs, 118 recreational weightlifters and 123 general exercisers). Results indicated that FPAs were broadly comparable to comparison groups, but had elevated anxiety and low mood/wellbeing in comparison to published general population female norms. FPAs who are younger, using hormonal contraception and are in the post-competition phase may be at increased risk of psychological distress. Self-reassurance was a predictor of lower psychological distress, while self-criticism predicted higher levels of anxiety and lower mood/wellbeing. Interventions deploying self-compassion are worthy of study. Study limitations and future directions are discussed.